Conduit Wire Fill Charts & Tables. Chapman Electric offers a selection of …Instructions. The Construction Monkey Conductor calculator lets you figure out electrical characteristics of wires including the ampacity, circular mills, area, resistance, reactance, impendance, conduit fill, and voltage drop. Make your selections below and the form will automatically update the values. 5046. 7.819. 2952. 4.573. 3808. 5.901. Conduit Size Calculator. NEC Chapter 9 Table 4: Dimensions and Percent Area of Conduit and Tubing: EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing) Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage. A great tool to help electricians, engineers and contractors answer the question, "What size conduit do I use per the NEC®?" The app will calculate the conduit fill percentages and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® Guidelines. Simply enter the conduit type and size, then specify your ...Box & conduit Fill Calculations Table 5 – Cross-Sectional Area of Individual Conductors 2/0 AWG THW Cu = .2624 X 3 = .7872 4/0 AWG THHN Cu = .3237 X 4 = 1.2984 Total Square Inches for Conductors = 2.0820 Table 4 – 40% fill column for “Over 2 wires”. 2.0820 Sq.In. Requires a 2 ½ inch EMT ConduitA ping pong ball weighs 2.7 grams, which is the required weight for Olympic competition as stated on the Table Tennis Master website. It is hollow, made of celluloid and filled wit... INFORMATIVE ANNEX C Annex C: Tables 2011 Edition NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 70–747. Table C.1 Continued FIXTURE WIRES Type Conductor Size (AWG/ kcmil) Annex C Conduit and Tubing Fill Tables for Conductors and Fixture Wires of the Same Size. Annex D Examples. ... Annex I Recommended Tightening Torque Tables From UL Standard 486A-B. Annex J ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Overview The California Electrical Code (CEC) is a set of regulations governing electrical …Our NEC Conduit Fill Chart calculates THWN and THHN wire fill for Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC conduit pipe using conduit trade size and wire size and conductor size. ... This PVC conduit fill table is used to determine how many THWN or THHN wires can be safely put into PVC conduit tubing. Each row going across is a different size of PVC ...Conduit fill requirements can be found in the NEC Annex Table C. This is toward the back of the book and is broken up into different sections based on the type of raceway being used. In this example, we will use table C.1 for EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing). Take a look at the table below and try to locate the maximum number of 14 …Our NEC Conduit Fill Chart calculates THWN and THHN wire fill for EMT, IMT, rigid metal, or flexible metal conduit pipe using conduit trade size and AWG or MCM wire size. See Elliott Electric Supply for wholesale electrical supplies, including Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT), Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC), Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) Pipe ...Conduit fill requires calculation. In the past, this involved determining the circular mils for various conductors. Fortunately, the NEC now provides tables to reduce the amount of calculation in the field. To determine how much wire you can run in a given raceway: Find the raceway type and size you're running, in Table 4 of Chapter 9.Raceway Fill Calculator. The purpose of this calculator is to determine one of two values: the maximum number of conductors (wires) that can fit into a given type and size of raceway, or the minimum trade size of a raceway that is required for a given combination of conductors (wires). All calculations are based on the National Electrical Code®.If you’re running multiple appliances simultaneously, then it's possible that your circuit could overload. Although the National Electric Code (NEC) does Expert Advice On Improving...I am trying to find the code in the NEC handbook for conduit fill for communications cable. I will be using Cat5e and/or 6 strand SMF optical cables. I have been using the 40% conduit fill from power cables requirement. ... All reputable cable manufactures will have fill tables that are based on a maximum allowable pulling tension …PVC Conduit Fill Table. This is a combination of Table C10 (PVC Schedule 40) and Table C9 (PVC Schedule 80) Based on Table 1 Chapter 9 of the 2005 National Electric Code. Trade Size.The conduit size that corresponds with the conduit factor greater than or equal to the sum of cable factors is the minimum conduit size required. For example, for laying 4 cables of 10 mm 2 cross-sectional area for 3 m length, the sum of cable factors = …The fill chart above allows you to determine how many wires can go inside a given conduit and not exceed a 40% fill rate. If you have a fixed conduit type and size: Find the conduit type and size on the first column (for example, lets say we have a 1 inch EMT conduit). Find the wire gauge you require using the top row (for example, lets say we ...Download the NFPA fact sheet that helps electrical professionals use Article 250 of the NEC for grounding and bonding.Back to your NEC book. Find the type of conduit that you want to use in table 4. Example: If you’re using electrical metal tubing (EMT) conduit, you’ll see that the closest size that you need is a 1 in conduit, which gives you a 39% fill. Conduit fill chart. This chart for conduit size for cable is based on the 2017 NEC and uses common ... NEC Tables Used To Calculate Current-Carrying Conductor Rating. NEC Table 310.16 is used to select an insulated conductor rated 0 through 2000 volts, 60°C through 90°C, based on ambient temperature of 30°C, using the selected or calculated ampacity and temperature ratings. For ambient temperatures other than 30°C, temperature correction ... When I reference "conduit fill charts NEC" on google, the first 10 charts that populate all differ from the informative annex C in NFPA 70 2014. For example, 1/2 EMT per NFPA70 annex C table C.1 I can fit 2 #8AWG conductor in a 1/2" EMT. When I type "Conduit fill chart NEC" into google, the...Conduit Fill Table. Posted on February 13, 2017 October 13, 2021 by Brandy McNeil. ... Above information referenced from tables C1, C4, and C8 of the 1996 NEC. Post navigation. Direct Current Motor Full Load Current. Nema Straight Blade Configurations. 24-Hour Help Line. 1-800-800-0199. Support.NIPNF: Get the latest NEC stock price and detailed information including NIPNF news, historical charts and realtime prices. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksThe ENT Conduit or Smurf Tube Fill Chart above references information from Table C.2 in the 2020 NEC ® (National Electric Code ®). For more information on the following types of conduit, please see our conduit fill charts below, which are based directly on Appendix C of the National Electric Code ® (NEC ®) of 2020.. Electrical Metallic Tubing Conduit …Our NEC Conduit Fill Chart calculates THWN and THHN wire fill for EMT, IMT, rigid metal, or flexible metal conduit pipe using conduit trade size and AWG or MCM wire size. See …This video was created to explain how easy sizing the right conduit can be. As an electrician there are many tasks we are required to do and knowing how to u...The NEC index cross-references "conduit fill" as conductor fill. The basic NEC reference is 300.17. The NEC does not provide a specific fill number, here. It merely says the …Conduit fill and sizing should be complied with Table 1 of NEC Chapter 9. Total Cable Area / Total Conduit Area < Allowable Percent Fill. where: Conduit fill …Annex C Conduit and Tubing Fill Tables for Conductors and Fixture Wires of the Same Size. Annex D Examples. ... Annex I Recommended Tightening Torque Tables From UL Standard 486A-B. Annex J ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Overview The California Electrical Code (CEC) is a set of regulations governing electrical …Jan 31, 2023 ... Per the NEC, the actual maximum fill ratio of any cable tray is 50%. TIA recommends a maximum 40% fill ratio based on the cross-sectional area ...Raceway Fill Calculator. The purpose of this calculator is to determine one of two values: the maximum number of conductors (wires) that can fit into a given type and size of raceway, or the minimum trade size of a raceway that is required for a given combination of conductors (wires). All calculations are based on the National Electrical Code®.CONDUIT FILL TABLES – NEC TABLE C CONDUCTOR SIZE – AWG / kcmil – THHN / THWN SIZE 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1/2 EMT …May 10, 2008 ... Although the 2008 NEC excludes non-powered communications circuits from the conduit fill limitations, I would limit a multi-cable conduit to 30% ...Limits on conduit fill are set by the National Electrical Code (NEC). These limits were created to prevent mechanical damage to cables during installation as well as overheating of cables in service. ... Conduit fill tables are located in Appendix “C” of the 1996 NEC. In the NEC, there are 82If that conduit is only an isolated section, and not complete from point to point, it is "sleeving for protection" (note 2 to the fill tables), and the fill need not be calculated. Sleeving for protection need not even be an NEC raceway.Refer to table 4 and table 5 of NEC for conduit inner area and conduit outer area respectively: Therefore, conduit fill is : (0.1014 + 0.0973) / 1.53 = 25% which is well below allowable factor for more than 2 wires (40%). There is a tool here to verify this calculation or just simply reduce time spending on doing the math.INFORMATIVE ANNEX C Annex C: Tables 2011 Edition NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 70–745. Table C.1 Continued CONDUCTORS Type Conductor Size (AWG kcmil) Metric Designator (Trade Size) 16 (1 ... 70–746 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 2011 Edition. Table C.1 Continued CONDUCTORS Type Conductor Size (AWG kcmil)This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. . . Fine print notes and the index are also not part of the NEC. Not open for further replies. Happen to see this while reading the NEC. "Annex C Conduit and Tubing Fill Tables for Conductors and Fixture Wires of the Same Size.NEC 2011 Chapter 9, table 1, shows that the maximum conduit allowance. As you can see two conductors is the smallest maximum fill. Looking back to the diagram, this is due to the two conductors or cables forming an oval, rather than a circle. Liquidtight Flexible Metallic Conduit (LFMC) -- Table C.8. Rigid Metallic Conduit -- Table C.9 or our Conduit Fill Chart for Rigid Metal Conduit Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 80 -- Table C.10. Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 40 -- Table C.11. Type A PVC Conduit -- Table C.12. Type EB PVC Conduit -- Table C.13 Table 1 of Chapter 9 of the National Electrical Code lists the percentage of the cross section of conduit or tubing that can be filled with conductors. The table applies to "common conditions" only and contains footnotes that should be consulted before applying it. (The table and notes are on page 879 of the 1996 NEC.)Harness the power of steam to remove dents from wooden surfaces. If you’ve dropped something heavy on your dining table or smacked the surface of a board with a tool by accident, y...The following table provides maximum recommended fill for many standard conduit sizes at the maximum fill ratio specified by the United States National Electrical Code (NEC) for domains within its scope. This also assumes no more than two 90° bends between pull points. Guidance is also provided below on how to calculate conduit fill.Above information referenced from Table C.1(A), Table C.4(A), and Table C.9(A) in the 2020 NEC® (National Electric Code®). For more information on filling the following types of conduit with compacted conductors, please see the tables listed below in the Appendix C of the National Electric Code® (NEC®) of 2020.Since we had already calculated the total wire area, we can easily calculate the minimum conduit area: 219.98 sq. mm / 0.4 = 549.95 sq. mm. Using a simple lookup, we can find the closest conduit size. Example: If we need to use an EMT conduit, we can find that the closest conduit size is a 1 inch conduit, which gives us a 39% conduit fill.Raceway Fill Calculator. The purpose of this calculator is to determine one of two values: the maximum number of conductors (wires) that can fit into a given type and size of raceway, or the minimum trade size of a raceway that is required for a given combination of conductors (wires). All calculations are based on the National Electrical Code®.Conduit fill and sizing should be complied with Table 1 of NEC Chapter 9. Total Cable Area / Total Conduit Area < Allowable Percent Fill. where: Conduit fill …Jun 9, 2022 ... ... NEC chapter 9 table # 1. The next thing we ... The fill tables will allow 6 conductors in 3/4 EMT table ... Plug those into the conduit fill ...The conduit fill chart offers a quick and convenient suggestion to determine the number of wires in a conduit. There are several types of conduits on the chart i.e. EMT and RMC. The conduit fill chart fully complies with NEC 2017 chapter 9. For a mix of wire type and size, an online tool to decide conduit fill (in percent) has been introduced ...The creation process behind 2D animation conjures nostalgic images of smoke-filled rooms where animators labored over their slanted drafting tables, flipping between thin pages whi...May 24, 2011 · To find the cross-sectional area of the bare equipment grounding conductor, you must refer to Table 8. Note (8) to Table 1 allows you to use Table 8, which yields the following: 8AWG bare conductor = 0.013 sq in. Summing the cross-sectional area of these individual conductors yields the following total: 3 × 0.0133 = 0.0399 sq in. Type LFNC shall be permitted to be installed in lengths longer than 1.8 m (6 ft) where secured in accordance with 356.30. Type LFNC-B as a listed manufactured prewired assembly, metric designator 16 through 27 (trade size 1 / 2 through 1) conduit. For encasement in concrete where listed for direct burial and installed in compliance with 356.42.NG Wire™ is an app for professionals involved in the electrical construction industry. NG Wire™ utilizes popular National Electric Code® (NEC®) tables for general building wiring, conduit, and motor data. Users can look up values and handle general and detailed conduit fill calculations, based on these NEC® tables.Electrical wire ampacity derating factors. NEC Table 310-15(b)(2)(a) NEC Table 310-15(b)(6) 120/240v 1Ph 3W : Dwelling ServiceNEC Chapter 9 Table 1: Percent of Cross Section of Conduit and Tubing for Conductors and Cables.The ENT Conduit or Smurf Tube Fill Chart above references information from Table C.2 in the 2020 NEC ® (National Electric Code ®). For more information on the following types of conduit, please see our conduit fill charts below, which are based directly on Appendix C of the National Electric Code ® (NEC ®) of 2020.. Electrical Metallic Tubing Conduit … Small strand is the fazit of a manufacturing process where of standard magnetic is compressive to the extent that the interstitial (voids between cable wires) am virtually eliminated NECE Conduit Fill Table vs Practical Experience. Resources included from NEC Appendix C, Key C.2(A) Maximum Number of Conductgors in Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 80 CONDUIT FILL TABLES – NEC TABLE C CONDUCTOR SIZE – AWG / kcmil – THHN / THWN SIZE 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1/2 EMT …conduit fill tables – nec table c conductor size – awg / kcmil – thhn / thwn size 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1/2 emt 12 9 5 3 2 1 rmc 13 9 6 3 …Senior Member. Stuffed to the gills no but if a nipple is 24" or less then the fill ratio goes up to 60% from the typical 40%. Also there is no derating required {310.15 (B) (3) (a)}. Also look at Chapter 9, Notes to Tables #4. 60% is pretty close to being stuffed to the gills though.Yes, Type USE, or USE-2, or SE is a cable, regardless of the number of conductors. Refer to UL 584. It's a condutor to me. :grin: Not open for further replies. How do i have to do coduit fill for a wire thats not in the table 5 of chapter 9. The wire is 4/0 USE-2. There is no such wire in the table 5. Please help.Even if NEC conduit fill chart allows say 6 conductors to be carried in a pipe, other calculations/factors and practical experience may limit the number of conductors to 3. I should really prepare a calculations spreadsheet for myself that takes into account all NEC derating tables and other requirements.Our NEC Conduit Fill Chart calculates THWN and THHN wire fill for Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC conduit pipe using conduit trade size and wire size and conductor size. ... This PVC conduit fill table is used to determine how many THWN or THHN wires can be safely put into PVC conduit tubing. Each row going across is a different size of PVC ...Table C.10 — Number of The Same Size Conductors in Trade Size of Conduit or Tubing Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 80 Conductor Types THHN, THWN, THWN-2 (Based on Table 1, Chapter 9) 100% 80%conduit fill tables – nec table c conductor size – awg / kcmil – thhn / thwn size 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1/2 emt 12 9 5 3 2 1 rmc 13 9 6 3 2 1 imc 14 10 6 3 2 1 40 11 8 5 3 1 80 9 6 4 2 1 fmc 13 9 6 3 2 1 lt 13 9 6 3 2 1 3/4 emt 22 16 10 6 4 2 1 rmc 22 16 10 6 4 2 1 imc 24 17 11 6 4 3 2 1Liquidtight Flexible Metallic Conduit Table C7. Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit (Type FNMCB) Table C5. If you have any other questions see the NEC Code Book. Toll Free: (877-385-8624, Ph: (740) 385-8624 Fx: (740) 385-0024. 8/30/21 We are in the process of upgrading servers. Email service will be disrupted during the cutover.Some of us love the chit-chat that fills the air at parties, and some of us loathe it. Either way, it's a valuable life skill. Where do you rank on the small talk league table? Adv...Conduit fill requires calculation. In the past, this involved determining the circular mils for various conductors. Fortunately, the NEC now provides tables to reduce the amount of calculation in the field. To determine how much wire you can run in a given raceway: Find the raceway type and size you're running, in Table 4 of Chapter 9. NEC CONDUIT FILL CHART. Maximum Number of Conductors In Conduit or Tubing: Type of wire. Conductor Size AWG MCM. Conduit Size (Inches) 1/2. 3/4. 1. 11/4. The Emily's Heart quilted table runner pattern adds layered heart designs to your d'cor. Download the free quilt pattern in this article. Advertisement Emily's Heart quilted table ...Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage. A great tool to help electricians, engineers and contractors answer the question, "What size conduit do I use per the NEC®?" The app will calculate the conduit fill percentages and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® Guidelines. Simply enter the conduit type and size, then specify your ...The raceway fill tables of Chapter 3 and Chapter 9 apply if you install optical fiber cables in a raceway with current-carrying conductors; otherwise, they don’t [770.110(B)]. Ducts vs. plenums If you run fiber-optic cables in fabricated ducts used for environmental air and install them per 300.22(B), you can choose from eight permissible ...The fill chart above allows you to determine how many wires can go inside a given conduit and not exceed a 40% fill rate. If you have a fixed conduit type and size: Find the conduit type and size on the first column (for example, lets say we have a 1 inch EMT conduit). Find the wire gauge you require using the top row (for example, lets say we ... PVC Conduit Fill Table. This is a combination of Table C10 (PVC Schedule 40) and Table C9 (PVC Schedule 80) Based on Table 1 Chapter 9 of the 2005 National Electric Code. Trade Size. National Electrical Code 2014 Chapter 9 Tables. Notes to Tables (2) Table 1 applies only to complete conduit or tubing systems and is not intended to apply to sections of conduit or tubing used to protect exposed wiring from physical damage. However, I wasn't able to find anywhere that defines when sections of conduit become …The conduit fill is 40% but that is whenever you use 2 or more conductors. Derating is from Table 310.15 (B)(2) for the # of conductors in a conduit. 9 conductors gets derated 70% but that is not for conduit fill but rather for the ampacity of the conductor. Take #6 thhn- Table 310.16 states that it is good for 75amps.
This video was created to explain how easy sizing the right conduit can be. As an electrician there are many tasks we are required to do and knowing how to u.... Great wall buffet augusta
The creation process behind 2D animation conjures nostalgic images of smoke-filled rooms where animators labored over their slanted drafting tables, flipping between thin pages whi...As NEC 2017 Chapter 9 – Table 4. Allowable Percent Fill. : – 53% for 1 no. of cable. – 31% for 2 nos. of cable. – 40% for over 2 nos. of cable. Conduit fill calculation result is based on normal conditions of good practice cable routing and alignment of conductors. For example, the total number of bends between 2 pull points can not ... PVC Conduit Fill Table. This is a combination of Table C10 (PVC Schedule 40) and Table C9 (PVC Schedule 80) Based on Table 1 Chapter 9 of the 2005 National Electric Code. Trade Size. Above information referenced from Table C.1(A), Table C.4(A), and Table C.9(A) in the 2020 NEC® (National Electric Code®). For more information on filling the following types of conduit with compacted conductors, please see the tables listed below in the Appendix C of the National Electric Code® (NEC®) of 2020.The Siemens Conduit Fill Calculator is based on NEC® 2005 Chapter 9, Table 1, and Article 310 Table 310.15(B)(2)(a) for conduit size and on Chapter 9 Table 2 for bending radii - refer to the NEC® for more information. This tool is used to calculate the minimum code required size of conduit for a given fill of single insulated conductors.Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage. A great tool to help electricians, engineers and contractors answer the question, "What size conduit do I use per the NEC®?" The app will calculate the conduit fill percentages and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® Guidelines. Simply enter the conduit type and size, then specify your ...For example, Table 310.15 (C) (1) requires a THWN No.4 copper conductor, normally valued at 85 amps according to Table 310.16, to be derated to 80% of its value when there are 4-6 current-carrying conductors bundled together. The same conductor must be derated to 70% of its normal value when there are 7-9 current-carrying conductors …Our NEC Conduit Fill Chart calculates THWN and THHN wire fill for EMT, IMT, rigid metal, or flexible metal conduit pipe using conduit trade size and AWG or MCM wire size. ... Conduit Fill Table. This conduit fill chart is used to determine how many wires can be safely put into non-PVC conduit tubing or pipe. Each row going across is a different ...Instrumentation, Electronics and Control Sensors. Conduit and Tubing Fill Tables for Wire Conductors and Fixture Wires of the Same Size. National Electrical Code wire fill for Electrical metallic tubing. This conduit and tubing conductor fill table calculator table is provided as an informational tool and is not part of the mandatory ...C.11(A)* — Rigid PVC Conduit, Schedule 40 and HDPE Conduit: 901: C.12 — Type A, Rigid PVC Conduit: 903: C.12(A)* — Type A, Rigid PVC Conduit: 907: C.13 — Type EB, PVC Conduit: 909: C.13(A)* — Type EB, PVC Conduit: 913 *Where this table is used in conjunction with Tables C.1 through C.13, the conductors installed must be of the compact ...This conduit fill table is used to determine how many wires can be safely put into non-PVC conduit tubing or pipe. Each row going across is a diferent size and type of conduit, either EMT, IMC, or galvanized pipe (rigid metal conduit, RMC). Each column (going up and down) is a diferent gauge of wire.conduit fill tables – nec table c conductor size – … conduit fill tables nec table c conductor size awg / kcmil thhn / thwn.size 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 300 350 400 500 600 750. emt 12 9 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1. …There are many tables in NEC Chapter 9. For example, Table 4 provides the dimensions and percent area for specific types of conduit and tubing. Table 5 provides dimensions of insulated conductors and fixture wires being installed in the raceway types mentioned in Table 4. Across the top of Table 4 are the following percentages: 40%, 60%, 53% ...Our NEC Conduit Fill Chart calculates THWN and THHN wire fill for Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC conduit pipe using conduit trade size and wire size and conductor size. ... This PVC conduit fill table is used to determine how many THWN or THHN wires can be safely put into PVC conduit tubing. Each row going across is a different size of PVC ...NEC Chapter 9 Table 1: Percent of Cross Section of Conduit and Tubing for Conductors and Cables.Conduit fill requires calculation. In the past, this involved determining the circular mils for various conductors. Fortunately, the NEC now provides tables to reduce the amount of calculation in the field. To determine how much wire you can run in a given raceway: Find the raceway type and size you're running, in Table 4 of Chapter 9.*Interpolation values from NEC Table 310.15(B)(16) (1) Conduit diameter has been increased to prevent issues with the Duct Fill and Jam Ratio. Table 2 – Ampacity based in the NEC 2017 310.15(B)(16) conditions. The values from the thermal analysis at Conductor Temperature 90°C are included Cable Size NEC 2017 310.15(B)(16) Ampacity at 90°CNEC 2011 Chapter 9, table 1, shows that the maximum conduit allowance. As you can see two conductors is the smallest maximum fill. Looking back to the diagram, this is due to the two conductors or cables forming an oval, rather than a circle.Polyethylene, also referred to as PE, (HDPE & LDPE) is a thermoplastic cable jacket. Weight in pounds per foot or newtons per meter. Cable weight in pounds is the same as the force of its weight in pounds-force. For metric units cable weight in kilograms must be converted by multiplying it by 9.8 newtons per kilogram.Conduit Fill Calculator. Calculate FLA Using Detailed AC Motor Specs. Load FLA. A. FLA calculated for AC Motor Load. NEC Tables Used To Calculate Current-Carrying ….