Lvl span table calculator - Keep a folding table or two in storage for buffets? Here's how to dress that table top up and make it blend in with your furniture! Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Late...

 
Backed by a product and performance warranty, RigidLam LVL provides a better alternative to traditional, solid sawn lumber. The product is stronger, stiffer, and a more predictable building material, and when compared with similarly sized sections, RigidLam can support heavier loads and allows for greater spans than conventional lumber.. Bofa debit card activation

Select the proper span table for one or two floors, and determine the distance to span, the depth and breadth of the beam, the span carried by the beam, and the live or total load for a floor beam. For Example, we select a span of 20 feet and carrying a span of 40 feet, with a total load of 55 PSF for 100% load duration, which must be 5-1/4 ...How to Use the LVL Beam Span Calculator: Gather Information: Know the LVL beam's width, depth, and the load it needs to support. Input Data: Enter these values into the calculator fields. Calculate: Click the "Calculate" button to run the calculation. Review Maximum Safe Span: The estimated maximum safe span for the LVL beam will be displayed ...US EAST FLOOR LOAD TABLES VERSA-LAM® 2.1E 3100 (100% Load Duration) KEY TO TABLE: Top Figure - Allowable Total Load [plf] Middle Figure - Allowable Live Load [plf] Bottom Figure - Minimum Required Bearing Length at End / Intermediate Supports [inches] • Total Load values are limited by shear, moment or deflection equal to L/240. Total Load ...Select a beam that exceeds the appropriate Total Load (Snow 115% or Non-Snow 125%) and the appropriate Snow/Live Load (L/360 or L/240). Check the bearing requirements. 1-3/4" x 7-1/4" Snow/Live Load Total Load Span. LVL 2.0E Uniform Roof Load (PLF) Tables.The calculator utilizes a straightforward yet powerful formula to compute the required size of the ridge beam: RB = (S * L * W) / (8 * F) where: RB is the required size of the ridge beam (usually expressed in width and depth) S is the roof slope (decimal value representing the rise over run) L is the length of the roof (distance between eaves ...These span tables have been prepared in accordance with standard engineering principles, the relevant test reports and Australian standards, ie: AS. ï Design criteria for timber -framed residen-tial buildings AS1720.1 Timber structures - design methods AS4055 Wind loads for houses AS/NZS Structural laminated veneer lumberPutting a picture in a nice frame can really brighten up your home (or make a good gift). If you really want a personal touch, you can build your own using your table saw. Putting ...Upon clicking "Calculate," the calculator would determine the required LVL header dimensions and display them as "Required LVL Header Size: Width: 10 inches, Thickness: 12 inches," where Width: 10 inches and Thickness: 12 inches are the calculated dimensions based on a simplified formula (actual calculations may involve specific …Here you will find LVL sizing information, design and installation guides as well as safety data sheets. Browse all LVL ProductsHow to Use an LVL Ridge Beam Size Calculator: Input the roof span in feet (the distance between the supports). Input the total roof load in pounds (the weight the ridge beam must support). Select the type of LVL beam you plan to use from the dropdown list (e.g., 1.75" x 11.875" or 1.75" x 14"). Click the "Calculate" button.Example: A deck with a beam located 12 ft. 6 in. from the ledger, framed with 2×10 joists at 16 in. on center. Check 1: The allowable overhang/maximum cantilever is 3 ft 5 in. per the DCA 6 table and 3 ft. 6 in. per the 2018 IRC table. Check 2: 12 ft. 6 in. / 4 = 3 ft. 1 in. 2.0E GP Lam ® LVL Window and Patio Door Headers, 2-Story Span A ≤ Span B for table below Two-Story Applications This table shows the size (e.g.: 2–111⁄49 = 2 plies of 13⁄49 x 111⁄49) of beams needed to support the combined loads from a wall, second story floor (1⁄4 of total floor joist span) Roug and various roof truss spans with a ... Our range of LVL products are designed to span further and weigh less to optimise efficiency in design and construction. NelsonPine® LVL products inspire Architects, Designers, Builders and end users to realise structural applications. “Technically, LVL is one of the most sophisticated wood products ever developed for the construction sector.BC Calc Benefits Summary: We provide dedicated in-house training and support teams as well as self-service learning content to help you get the most out of our software. Building design software that performs detailed engineering analysis on joists, beams, columns, studs, & tall walls. Can be used as a beam span calculator.How to Use a Laminated Beam Calculator: Span: Enter the span (length) of the laminated beam in feet. Load: Enter the load on the beam in pounds per foot (e.g., the weight it needs to support). Wood Type: Select the type of wood used for the laminated beam from the dropdown list (e.g., Douglas Fir, Southern Pine, Spruce-Pine-Fir).Total Roof Load (L): 10,000 pounds. LVL Beam Material: LVL 2.0E (Material Strength = 2000 psi) Using these values in the provided HTML code: Ridge beam size ≈ (5 * 10,000 * 20^2) / (8 * 2000) ≈ 125 inches. So, the recommended ridge beam size is approximately 125 inches for the given roof span, load, and LVL 2.0E material strength.To do this, builders use lvl beams span tables as reference points for spacing their beams. SPAN TABLES & TECHNICAL GUIDE For further information please visit or call toll free: 1300 880 662. Table indicates the number of 13/ 4' wide LVL plies to be used for the given application. Illustrated Field Guide to the Minnesota Residential CodeĢ020 ...Jan 11, 2023 ... https://www.homebuildingandrepairs.com/framing/index.html Visit our website today for more helpful ideas about house framing, ...Choose the correct laminated veneer lumber span size by finding the correct span size for the LVL beams you are using and the spacing of the floor’s support columns on a LVL span s...Dec 23, 2021 ... ... calculations on how you ... How to make a flitch beam for a garden room with a large span roof ... Installing LVL Beams During a Residential Remodel.Table 9.1 in Span Tables for Joists and Rafters (Figure 5) gives a required compression value of 237 psi for a span of 16 feet and bearing length of 1.5 inches. (the tables permit a bearing length of up to 3.5 inches, but since 1.5 is probably the worst case that you’ll encounter for joist or rafter bearing, it’s a safe value.)2.0E GP Lam ® LVL Window and Patio Door Headers, 2-Story Span A ≤ Span B for table below Two-Story Applications This table shows the size (e.g.: 2–111⁄49 = 2 plies of 13⁄49 x 111⁄49) of beams needed to support the combined loads from a wall, second story floor (1⁄4 of total floor joist span) Roug and various roof truss spans with a 2* soffit.Jan 18, 2024 · Our next step is to check if this deflection is less than the allowable deflection for our given beam span. For that, we use the deflection criteria provided by the 2012 International Building Code, stating that beams under a combination of dead load (permanent load) and live load (loads that can vary in time) should at most have an allowable deflection equal to the span of the beam divided by ... US EAST FLOOR LOAD TABLES VERSA-LAM® 2.1E 3100 (100% Load Duration) KEY TO TABLE: Top Figure - Allowable Total Load [plf] Middle Figure - Allowable Live Load [plf] Bottom Figure - Minimum Required Bearing Length at End / Intermediate Supports [inches] • Total Load values are limited by shear, moment or deflection equal to L/240. Total Load ...Upon clicking "Calculate," the calculator would determine the required LVL header dimensions and display them as "Required LVL Header Size: Width: 10 inches, Thickness: 12 inches," where Width: 10 inches and Thickness: 12 inches are the calculated dimensions based on a simplified formula (actual calculations may involve specific …MICROLLAM® LVL BEAM BENEFITS: Uniform and predictable. Resists warping, splitting and shrinking while supporting heavy loads. Dimensionally stable. Available in some regions with a Watershed™ overlay for on-site weather protection. Limited lifetime warranty.Using standard load estimates from LVL span tables: 40 psf live, 15 psf dead = 55 lb/sqft. Total weight of supported floor: 55 x 154 = 8470 lbs. Assuming beam is carrying 50% of this load (and the exterior wall carrying the other 50%); 8470/2 = 4235 lbs. Beam is (nearly) 11ft long. 4235/11 = 385 plf (pounds per lineal foot).The calculator utilizes a straightforward yet powerful formula to compute the required size of the ridge beam: RB = (S * L * W) / (8 * F) where: RB is the required size of the ridge beam (usually expressed in width and depth) S is the roof slope (decimal value representing the rise over run) L is the length of the roof (distance between eaves ...Beam Span Chart Table. The span of a beam is dependent on a few variables: The grade and species of lumber, size of lumber and the load it carries. Fewer posts on upper-level decks are typically more desirable to the occupants and this drives the use of larger framing materials for longer spans. Beam span maximums are based on a maximum ...10. Design span is assumed to be the clear opening plus 1/2 the actual required bearing length at each end. 11. These tables are for gravity loads only. Consult a professional engineer for wind and seismic load analysis and design. 12. All tables are based on uniform load conditions. Any concentrated load applications must be analyzed sep-Overview. Resources provide a simplified system to determine allowable joist and rafter spans in one- and two-family dwellings, and the companion supplements for tabulating allowable bending and modulus of elasticity design values for visually graded and mechanically graded dimension lumber. These resources are referenced in the …Have you ever asked a significant other about how his or her day went and received a frustratingly vague “fi Have you ever asked a significant other about how his or her day went a...Feb 25, 2024 · The size of LVL beams required for a 30-foot span is contingent on several factors, including the anticipated load and compliance with local building codes. As a general guideline, for a 30-foot span, it is typically recommended to use LVL beams with dimensions of 5-1/4″ × 13 1/2″ or 5-1/4″ × 16″. These beams are often custom ... Trends in the Periodic Table - Trends in the periodic table is a concept related to the periodic table. Learn about trends in the periodic table. Advertisement ­It's handy to know ...Oct 8, 2021 ... ... calculations that you're going to be totally amazed by. You won't believe how easy it is after a couple of practice tries. A ridge beam is ...Use this wood beam span calculator to check a wood beam of a particular size and length to see if it can support a given uniform linear load by comparing its allowable and required bending and shear stress.Upon clicking "Calculate," the calculator would determine the required LVL header dimensions and display them as "Required LVL Header Size: Width: 10 inches, Thickness: 12 inches," where Width: 10 inches and Thickness: 12 inches are the calculated dimensions based on a simplified formula (actual calculations may involve specific …Using Excel, you can automate a variety of tasks that are integral to your long and short-term financial planning. A bond amortization table is one of several core financial resou... BCI®Joists are specially constructed I-joists with flanges made from strong VERSA-LAM® laminated veneer lumber with oriented strand board web and approved waterproof structural adhesives, providing outstanding strength and durability. Learn more about BCI® Joists and our sizing software BC Calc® or view the US East and US West span and size charts. How to use a Glulam Beam Size Calculator: To use a Glulam Beam Size Calculator: Enter the span length between supports (in feet). Select the type of load (uniform or concentrated) that the beam will be subjected to. Click the "Calculate" button. The calculator will display the recommended glulam beam size based on the entered …How to use a Glulam Beam Size Calculator: To use a Glulam Beam Size Calculator: Enter the span length between supports (in feet). Select the type of load (uniform or concentrated) that the beam will be subjected to. Click the "Calculate" button. The calculator will display the recommended glulam beam size based on the entered …Upon clicking "Calculate," the calculator would determine the maximum span length and display it as "Maximum Span Length: 409154.84 feet," where 409154.84 feet is the calculated span length based on a simplified formula (actual calculations may involve more complex engineering factors). First, convert joist reactions to plf load on each side of the beam by taking the joist reaction (lbs.) divided by. the joist spacing (ft.). 400 lbs/(16/12) = 300 plf and 533 lbs/(16/12) = 400 plf. Check factored resistance. tables to verify that 3 plys can carry the total factored load of 700 plf. The best solution to open this up is to run a 3 ply 11-7/8" LVL full length but with an intermediate support in the middle making two 9.5' spans with 1 beam. The intermediate bearing post will have 18,000+ pounds on it, so you'll need a PSL or steel column. You'll also need a new column the same size directly below it in the basement.Sep 20, 2023 · How to Use the LVL Beam Span Calculator: Gather Information: Know the LVL beam's width, depth, and the load it needs to support. Input Data: Enter these values into the calculator fields. Calculate: Click the "Calculate" button to run the calculation. Review Maximum Safe Span: The estimated maximum safe span for the LVL beam will be displayed ... The first span table is for roofs where the ceiling is not attached to the rafters (with no snow load), a live load of 20 Psf, a dead load of 20 Psf, and a deflection limit of L/180. The second span table is the same as the first, except it assumes a ground snow load of 50 Psf. Rafter Span Diagram. When calculating the maximum span of a rafter ...Floor Joist Span Calculator. To use the joist span calculator below, first select the species of lumber you will use for your construction project from the drop-down list. Next use the buttons in the table to select the maximum length in feet (or metres in brackets) that your floor joists must span.Sep 17, 2023 ... How To Use Building Code Span Charts To Calculate Structural Door And Window Header Sizes. gregvancom•32K views · 3:00 · Go to channel ...BC Calc Benefits Summary: We provide dedicated in-house training and support teams as well as self-service learning content to help you get the most out of our software. Building design software that performs detailed engineering analysis on joists, beams, columns, studs, & tall walls. Can be used as a beam span calculator.1. Table is based on continuous floor joist span and simple or continuous beam span con-ditions. If floor joists are not continuous above the beam, take the sum of the joist spans then multiply by 0.8. This is the total floor joist span to consider. 2. Required end bearing length (based on 565 psi) is 3.0! unless the subscript + is shown.2. Multiple span lengths shown require adequate lateral bracing of bottom edge of LVL. 3. Multiple spans are based on the longest span. The shortest span shall not be less than 40% of the longest span. 4. Live Load deflection is limited to L/480 or L/360 as indicated in the tables above. Total Load deflection is limited to L/240. 5.1. Table is based on continuous floor joist span and simple or continuous beam span con-ditions. If floor joists are not continuous above the beam, take the sum of the joist spans then multiply by 0.8. This is the total floor joist span to consider. 2. Required end bearing length (based on 565 psi) is 3.0! unless the subscript + is shown.The calculator estimates the minimum size of the beam required to support the load-bearing wall opening. Example calculation : If you enter a wall length of 10 feet, a wall height of 8 feet, choose a uniform load, and enter a load value of 5000 pounds, the calculator will estimate that a beam with a minimum size of approximately 20000.00 …Sep 20, 2023 · A LVL span table calculator is a tool that helps builders and engineers determine the appropriate size (depth and width) and maximum span of LVL beams or joists for a given load and other factors, such as species and grade of LVL material. It ensures that the structural elements meet building code requirements and provide adequate support for ... Moreover, a double ply 14″ LVL beam can allow to span maximum distance of 23 feet, a double ply 16″ LVL beam can allow to span maximum distance of 26 feet. In addition, a double ply 18″ LVL beam can allow to span maximum distance of 30 feet. In general, the maximum span for a double 5 1/2″ LVL need to be 10 feet, while the the maximum ...Conclusion. The distance an LVL beam can span depends on a plethora of factors. Some manufacturers limit their beams to 60’ due to transportation issues, while others have the capability to manufacture beams up to 80’ long. So, the longest unsupported span possible using LVL would be 80-feet.Home - Tilling TimberApr 2, 2024 ... ) LVL beam span without support. Maximum span of the 7-1/4" LVL beam. The maximum span for a 7-1/4" LVL ... HOW TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF BLOCKS ...Example: A deck with a beam located 12 ft. 6 in. from the ledger, framed with 2×10 joists at 16 in. on center. Check 1: The allowable overhang/maximum cantilever is 3 ft 5 in. per the DCA 6 table and 3 ft. 6 in. per the 2018 IRC table. Check 2: 12 ft. 6 in. / 4 = 3 ft. 1 in.Architecture & Design: Australian Architectural DesignApr 2, 2019 · The best solution to open this up is to run a 3 ply 11-7/8" LVL full length but with an intermediate support in the middle making two 9.5' spans with 1 beam. The intermediate bearing post will have 18,000+ pounds on it, so you'll need a PSL or steel column. You'll also need a new column the same size directly below it in the basement. U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Header Supporting Roof Calculator. Use the drop downs to select your roof load, house width, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam header.Beam Calculator. Designed using WoodWorks® Sizer according to the National Building Code 2015 Part 4 and the CSA O86-14 Standard - Engineering design in wood. Design must be verified by a qualified engineer. Snow and wind loads should not include the Importance factor (O86 5.2.3.2), which is calculated using the selected Importance Category.CANADIAN SPAN BOOK 2020. This new edition of The Span Book includes added tables for deck joists and beams, more lintel options, and recalculates all spans using revised shear properties. Erratas. Canadian Span Book 2020 (updated February 2021) Canadian Span Book 2020 (updated September 2021) WebStore.Jan 11, 2023 ... https://www.homebuildingandrepairs.com/framing/index.html Visit our website today for more helpful ideas about house framing, ...Span tables 12-44. The information contained in this product brochure is current as at August 2018 and is based on data available to Tilling Timber Pty Ltd at the time of going to print. Tilling Timber Pty Ltd has used its reasonable endeavours to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in this document and, to the ...The entire PWT Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) manufacturing process is designed around predictable and consistent strength and stiffness. The thin veneers are aligned with the strong fibers running the length of the lumber, the same as in nature. We use ultrasonic testing to select the veneer, then assemble them using engineered and continuously ... 2.0E GP Lam ® LVL Window and Patio Door Headers, 2-Story Span A ≤ Span B for table below Two-Story Applications This table shows the size (e.g.: 2–111⁄49 = 2 plies of 13⁄49 x 111⁄49) of beams needed to support the combined loads from a wall, second story floor (1⁄4 of total floor joist span) Roug and various roof truss spans with a ... Use design loads of 20 LL and 10 DL for an unfinished attic area with limited access. Specify 16" on-center joist spacing to match the roof rafter spacing, and refer to the Ceiling Joists table on page 3. A 1⁄2" x 71⁄4" 1.5E TimberStrand® LSL ceiling joist can span 15'-7", which is adequate for areas C and E .Our range of LVL products are designed to span further and weigh less to optimise efficiency in design and construction. NelsonPine® LVL products inspire Architects, Designers, Builders and end users to realise structural applications. “Technically, LVL is one of the most sophisticated wood products ever developed for the construction sector.To do this, builders use lvl beams span tables as reference points for spacing their beams. SPAN TABLES & TECHNICAL GUIDE For further information please visit or call toll free: 1300 880 662. Table indicates the number of 13/ 4' wide LVL plies to be used for the given application. Illustrated Field Guide to the Minnesota Residential CodeĢ020 ...LVL Span Guide. ENGINEERED WOOD Save time and money with better support Fast technical support a 1800 808 131 PRODUCTS FREE designlT site Available from: Technical Support 808 131 for houses For quick, clear product answers, our technical support phone line - 1800 808 131 - links you to our expanded, engineering support team. Our experienced ...The best solution to open this up is to run a 3 ply 11-7/8" LVL full length but with an intermediate support in the middle making two 9.5' spans with 1 beam. The intermediate bearing post will have 18,000+ pounds on it, so you'll need a PSL or steel column. You'll also need a new column the same size directly below it in the basement.This calculator provides users with a convenient and efficient way to determine the appropriate span for LVL beams in their construction projects. By inputting the necessary data or variables, users can obtain accurate results that help ensure the structural integrity and safety of their buildings.Select the proper span table for one or two floors, and determine the distance to span, the depth and breadth of the beam, the span carried by the beam, and the live …Canada Sizing Table Lookup :: Weyerhaeuser. Engineered Lumber. Resources. Canada Sizing Table Lookup. Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in Canada applications only. For U.S. switch to U.S. …One of the key benefits of Hyne Design 7.7 is that it includes the structural properties and span tables for all the most popular Australian engineered timber products - in addition to the properties of 'generic' solid timber products. ... News Resources Hyne Design Conversion Calculator Carbon Calculator Span Tables. Careers. Team & Culture ...Find the optimal size of Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers for your project. Choose from different applications such as ridge, floor, or roof beams …Due to its strength, the LVL beam can span up to 60 feet and is much stronger than conventional lumber. Generally, you can find laminated beams in 4-foot increments starting at 24 feet and going up to 44 feet long, with special orders up to 60 feet. LVL beam thickness is usually between 1 ¾ and 7 inches.Total Roof Load (L): 10,000 pounds. LVL Beam Material: LVL 2.0E (Material Strength = 2000 psi) Using these values in the provided HTML code: Ridge beam size ≈ (5 * 10,000 * 20^2) / (8 * 2000) ≈ 125 inches. So, the recommended ridge beam size is approximately 125 inches for the given roof span, load, and LVL 2.0E material strength.LVL Span Calculator. Enter the required information below to calculate the maximum safe span for LVL beams or joists: LVL Beam Width (inches): LVL Beam Depth (inches): Uniform Load (pounds per square foot): Calculate. Maximum Safe Span: feet.

LVL User's Guide - Canada. US Users Guide - This guide contains load tables, design properties, connection details, bearing details and allowable holes for West Fraser 2.0e, 1.9e and 1.8e LVL. LVL User's Guide - US. Brochure - This 2-page brochure contains primary information about West Fraser's LVL product line. LVL Brochure - Canada & US.. Buchheit's jackson

lvl span table calculator

LVL Span Tables. Downloads -Smart10 LVL Design Guide 2024: 8.19 MB: Download SmartLVL 12 Studs 2019 Edition 1: 1.36 MB: Download SmartLVL 12 Roof Batten 2019 Edition 1:Consider Depth. Design a beam depth based on the rule of thumb for estimating the depth of manufactured beams which is to divide the span by 20. Beam depths are typically 5 1/2 inches, 7 1/4 inches, 9 1/4 inches, 11 1/4 inches, 11 7/8 inches, 14 inches, 16 inches, 18 inches, and 20 inches. It is imperative to design LVL beams to the right size ...Software. ForteWEB™ Software. Whether you’re an architect, engineer or design professional sizing joists, beams, posts or studs, ForteWEB™ software performs member calculations and identifies solutions for the conditions and geometry you specify. Size members for a specific spacing, depth or the best economical fit.E-mail: [email protected]. Call: +1 (888) 453-8358. Simple Sizing Tool (U.S.) Beam Sizing Request.pdf. 3 MB Download. It is not uncommon for homeowners to renovate their residences. Sometimes this means something simple, like painting, or a little more...The cost to install double LVL load-bearing beams typically falls within the range of $1,000 to $2,500. However, the average installation cost hovers around $1,650, with prices varying from as low as $800 to a maximum of $6,000.This span table excerpt shows two possible sizes of built-up floor beams (2 X 10 and 2 X 12). The full table shows more lumber sizes. It also shows the maximum that the beam can span for various numbers of such pieces of lumber built together (this is indicated by 3-ply, 4-ply and 5-ply). A 3-ply with 2 X 10s would mean that three 2 X 10s are ...Quality Guaranteed: We take pride in offering high-quality LVL that is designed to last. Our LVL has been used and trusted in traditional sizes for over 30 years and comes in a range of grades, including LVL 11, LVL …Gauge (Thickness): 0.125 inches. Load: 1000 pounds per foot. Click the "Calculate Maximum Span" button, and it will display the maximum span that the C Purlin can safely achieve. In this case, it might show: "Maximum Span: 352.00 feet." This is the approximate maximum span based on the provided parameters and allowable stress.Table 9.1 in Span Tables for Joists and Rafters (Figure 5) gives a required compression value of 237 psi for a span of 16 feet and bearing length of 1.5 inches. (the tables permit a bearing length of up to 3.5 inches, but since 1.5 is probably the worst case that you’ll encounter for joist or rafter bearing, it’s a safe value.)Use this wood beam span calculator to check a wood beam of a particular size and length to see if it can support a given uniform linear load by comparing its allowable and required bending and shear stress.The cost to install double LVL load-bearing beams typically falls within the range of $1,000 to $2,500. However, the average installation cost hovers around $1,650, with prices varying from as low as $800 to a maximum of $6,000.1. Table is based on continuous floor joist span and simple or continuous beam span con-ditions. If floor joists are not continuous above the beam, take the sum of the joist spans then multiply by 0.8. This is the total floor joist span to consider. 2. Required end bearing length (based on 565 psi) is 3.0! unless the subscript + is shown.May 23, 2011 ... Structural timber calculations. Robin de Jongh ... Joist Calculator Tutorial. DecksGo•82K views ... How To Make A LEVEL Floor System. BYOT•588K ...To find laminated veneer-lumber span chart tables, visit Georgia-Pacific’s website at BuildGP.com. Download the product guide for GP Lam laminated-veneer lumber located in the engi....

Popular Topics