Mar 25, 2020 ... Visit www.KayScience.com for access to 800+ GCSE science videos, quizzes, exam resources AND daily science and maths LIVE TUITION!Use the interactive diagram below, called a Punnett square, to see the likelihood of a child inheriting a form of sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait. This Punnett square can help you see how genes can be passed from a parent to a child in every single pregnancy, regardless of the genotypes of previous children. Note that the “sickle ... Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of certain molecules, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. These molecules may help maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, act as receptors, or have other biological functions. A blood group system refers to all of the gene (s ... Solving ABO Blood TypePunnett Squares * Mark L. MayoCypress College Updated: 9/16/13. Blood Type Genotypes There are 4 blood types: possible genotypes Type A Ia Ia or Ia i Type B Ib Ib or Ib i Type AB Ia Ib Type O ii. Read the problem carefully! Problem – A child has a blood type of O and her mother has type B blood.Download Guide. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells. In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (–), creating the 8 most common blood types ( A+, A- , B+, B- , O+, O ...Advertisement One of the biggest selling points of Square is the ability for small businesses to accept credit card payments. A great example is a vendor at a farmer's market. In t...A Punnett square is a chart that allows you to determine the expected percentages of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents. A Punnett square allows the prediction of the percentages of phenotypes in the offspring of a cross from known genotypes. A Punnett square can be used to determine a missing genotype based on the other ...Learn about blood type genotypes, including types O, B, A, and AB, the Rh factor, genetic inheritance patterns, and transfusions. ... Blood Type Genetics | Definition & Punnett Square ExamplesPunnett Squares. As discussed above, diploid individuals have two copies of each chromosome: one from their male parent, one from their female parent. This means they have two copies of each gene. They can have two of the same alleles (homozygous) or two different alleles (heterozygous). Regardless of their genotype, they will randomly pass ...Blood types inheritance is an excellent example of that, since dominant alleles A and B cooperate in creating the AB blood type. Types of Punnett squares Our Punnett square maker works on autosomal alleles (chromosomes 1-22), but it can be used for other things.Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of certain molecules, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. These molecules may help maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, act as receptors, or have other biological functions. A blood group system refers to all of the gene (s ... A two-trait Punnett Square has 16 boxes. The probability of a cross producing a genotype in any box is 1 in 16. If the same genotype is present in two boxes, its probability of occurring doubles to 1/8 (1/16 + 1/16). If one of the parents is a homozygote for one or more traits, the Punnett Square still contains the same number of boxes, but the ... Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of certain molecules, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. These molecules may help maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, act as receptors, or have other biological functions. A blood group system refers to all of the gene (s ... The Punnett square is a visual representation of Mendelian inheritance, a fundamental concept in genetics which is discovery of Gregor Mendel. [10] For multiple traits, using the "forked-line method" is typically much easier than the Punnett square. Phenotypes may be predicted with at least better-than-chance accuracy using a Punnett square ... Blood Type: A blood type is a genetically inherited trait caused by specific antigens found on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens assist the body in determining which cells are our own cells and which cells are foreign pathogens. All of our cells have antigens like these, but most of us are more familiar with the blood-type antigens.There are two possibilities for the Rh-status of the kids. They have a 50% chance of being Rh positive (+/-) and a 50% chance of being Rh negative (-/-). Let's put it all together. The mom was blood type AB+, and the father was blood type AO-. A Punnett square for this is shown below.Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. An example of multiple alleles is the ABO blood-type system in humans. In this case, there are three …ÐÏ à¡± á> þÿ þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿThe Punnett square below shows a cross between two parents with different blood types. Drag the genotypes and phenotypes from the left to correctly complete the Punnett square. The disease hemophilia is caused by a single gene that is located on the X chromosome.If Brad Pitt is homozygous for the type B allele (IBIB), and Angelina Jolie has type O blood (ii), we can predict the possible blood types for their baby using a Punnett square. Since type O is characterized by the presence of two recessive alleles, and type B can be either homozygous (IBIB) or heterozygous (IBi), we assume in this scenario ...If the blood type is made by one “twin” while the sperm/eggs are made by the other “twin”, unexpected inheritance patterns can happen. Only about 100 cases of chimerism have been reported 1, though as it often goes undetected the true frequency is unknown. It is theorized to be more common in people born via IVF. 2. All other phenotypes or genotypes are considered variants of this standard, meaning that they deviate from the wild type. The variant may be recessive or dominant to the wild-type allele. Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. An example of multiple alleles is the ABO blood-type system in humans. Learn about blood type genotypes, including types O, B, A, and AB, the Rh factor, genetic inheritance patterns, and transfusions. ... Blood Type Genetics | Definition & Punnett Square ExamplesTo calculate the probability of getting a Bb genotype, we can draw a 4 -square Punnett square using the parents' alleles for the coat color gene only, as shown above. Using the Punnett square, you can see that the probability of the Bb genotype is 1 / 2 .Jan 29, 2022 · This video takes you through three genetics practice problems dealing with ABO blood type. Blood Type Punnett Square Practice. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins) – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells: Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)What is a Punnett Square? Definition: a square diagram that is composed of a grid of usually four boxes and is used to calculate and depict all the combinations and frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross in accordance with Mendelian inheritance Punnett Square Examples Through a Lab … In the following cross the genotype of the female parent is BbGg. What is the genotype of the male parent? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes, G = green skin, g = white skin] BBGg. In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual? 1 AB : 1aB. A Punnett square is a chart that allows you to easily determine the expected percentage of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents. An example of a Punnett square for pea plants is shown in Figure …The gene for type O is recessive (ii). Using a Punnett square, determine the possible blood type of the offspring when both the father and mother are recessive. ... Determine what the probability is that the child may display each of the four ABO blood types. Use the Punnett square model below. [Table] In humans, blood type is governed by ...4x4 Punnett squares might be quite a challenge! There's quite a lot to deal with: 16 sets of crosses in each try; 9 possible versions of genotype; 4 possible mother's alleles; 4 possible father's alleles; and; 81 versions of the Punnett square! If you want to save yourself a lot of time and hassle, we recommend you use our dihybrid cross ...Jan 26, 2022 · This videos describes the three alleles of the ABO gene that lead to the A, B, AB and O blood types. _____ V. Optional: Blood genetics and Punnett squares Explain how blood type is determined genetically and show how Punnett squares can be used to determine genotype. Provide definitions for genotype, phenotype, dominant, and recessive. MATERIALS 1 liter bottle (empty) 2 Red blood cell model with antigens and antibodies 4 red Styrofoam ballsBlood Types and Punnett Squares - YouTube. SMARTERTEACHER. 5.52K subscribers. 3.2K. 249K views 3 years ago BIOLOGY VIDEOS. Overview of using …Pedigrees and Punnett Squares. 85. Black fur color: a dominant trait. 86. Yellow fur color: a recessive trait. 87. ... The changes that occur in the genes that determine blood group typically affect only blood type and are not associated with adverse health conditions, although exceptions do occur. ...Nov 12, 2018 · This biology video tutorial provides a basic introduction into punnett squares. It explains how to do a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross. It discusses... Experience the ease of genetic trait prediction with our user-friendly Punnett Square Calculator. Follow the straightforward instructions below to generate accurate results instantly. Select the traits you wish to analyze. Enter the genotype information for both parents. Click 'Calculate' to view the Punnett square and results.Two parents think their baby was switched at the hospital. The mother has blood type O, the father has blood type AB and the baby has blood type B. Complete a punnett square and then answer the question. What possible Genotypes COULD the baby have inherited from the parents? (what genotypes could the parents produce)If you are tired of looking for new blood type Punnett squares to practice with students, then try out these station mysteries. Students will play the role of figuring out the parents of babies if someone gets an inheritance, and more ALL based on blood typing Punnett squares. This is WAY more fun than a boring Punnett squares practice ...All other phenotypes or genotypes are considered variants of this standard, meaning that they deviate from the wild type. The variant may be recessive or dominant to the wild-type allele. Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. An example of multiple alleles is the ABO blood-type system in humans.If we look at our Punnett square, we find that there is a 1/4 chance of offspring being homozygous dominant for smooth kernels (KK) and a 2/4 chance of that the offspring will be heterozygous (Kk) for smooth kernels. Combined, we find that there is a 3/4 chance that the offspring will have smooth kernels. The correct answer is. 3/4Closely related to incomplete dominance is codominance, in which both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote. We can see an example of codominance in the MN blood groups of humans (less famous than the ABO blood groups, but still important!). A person's MN blood type is determined by his or her alleles of a …Step 2: Draw the Punnett square (already done below) Step 3: Place the alleles of the gametes that the 1st parent can make to the left of the Punnett square. Put the alleles that the 2nd parent can make on top. (note: these required positions (left and top) are solely so that this quiz program will work. On paper, you can put them in either ...Show the crosses to prove your answer. Blood types A, B, AB, and O. A man of unknown genotype has type B blood, his wife has tpe A blood (also unknown genotype). List ALL the blood types possible for their children. (You may need to do multiple crosses to consider the different possib;e genotypes of the parents). Blood types A, B, AB, and O.Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. Learn how to set up and solve a genetic problem involving multiple alleles using ABO blood types as an …For a stay in Times Square, it doesn't get much better than the Crowne Plaza. But the room, numerous fees and flaky reservation system might make you reconsider. In my years of wor...Worksheets are Blood type punnett square practice, Codominance work blood types, Work punnett square review 2010, Mendel and punnett squares, Blood type punnett square practice answer, Understanding genetics punnett squares, Biol 1400 practice problems in genetics, Inheritance and blood typing 2018 vinse. *Click on Open button to …If the blood type is made by one “twin” while the sperm/eggs are made by the other “twin”, unexpected inheritance patterns can happen. Only about 100 cases of chimerism have been reported 1, though as it often goes undetected the true frequency is unknown. It is theorized to be more common in people born via IVF. 2.Tutorial. In this problem (in contrast to problem 11), there is no uncertainty about the genotype of either parent. A parent of blood type AB has the codominant I A and I B alleles. A parent of blood type O is homozygous recessive for the i allele. The Punnett square for their offspring is shown to the right.The ABO blood system has 4 main blood types: A, B, AB, and 0. Type A and B blood are both dominantly inherited, whereas, Type O is recessive. Construct a Punnett square to predict the probability of having a child with Type O blood if your spouse has Type AB and you have Type O blood. Be sure to show the Punnett square, genotypes, and phenotypes.– The combination of two of these genes will result in blood type. • Punnett squares can be used to help figure out the possible inherited genetic trait combinations, like blood type (see example on next slide). • Review the terms dominant, recessive and co-dominant Learning Goals: Students use Punnett squares and basic genetics toJust weeks before prime minister Narendra Modi arrives in the United States, his government has given Mumbai, India’s commercial capital, an unlikely gift—New York’s Times Square. ... It is 50% chance that a daughter has hemophilia because the question is what percent chance a daughter has it, so out of the two possible genotypes for a girl, one of them will be a carrier of hemophilia and the other will exhibit the disease, making it a 50% or 1/2 chance. Now draw a punnett square. If this hemophiliac daughter were to have ... AO would result in blood group A. BO would produce blood group B. And OO would result in blood group O since it has two copies of the recessive O allele. Therefore, this cross could potentially produce offspring of all four blood groups. So the correct answer to our question is answer choice (D). A man with blood group B and a woman with blood ...A Punnett square is a chart that allows you to easily determine the expected percentage of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents. An example of a Punnett square for pea plants is shown in Figure below. In this example, both parents are heterozygous for flowercolor ( Bb ).Blood type calculator. Rh factor. Problem set. The Human Genetics Tutorial with problem solving exercises concerning the inheritance of the ABO blood group alleles has resulted in a steady stream of inquiries to the Biology Project from mothers, grandmothers, and children inquiring about the possible blood type of the father of a …The Punnett square from this configuration is below. Here we see that there are three ways for an offspring to exhibit a dominant trait and one way for recessive. This means that there is a 75% probability that an offspring will have the dominant trait and a 25% probability that an offspring will have a recessive trait. B.The mother has blood type “O,” the father has blood type “AB,” and the baby has blood type “B.” Mother’s genotype: i i Father’s genotype: IAIB. Baby’s genotype: IBi or IB IB. BComplete a Punnett square with all possible genotypes for children produced by this couple. IB. i i IB.We review Square POS, including features such as integrations, multiple ways to pay, inventory management and more. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promoti...The ABO blood group system. If you have A antigens covering your red cells, then you have blood group A and you also have B-antibodies. If you have B antigens covering your red cells, then you have blood group B and you also have A antibodies. If you have both A and B antigens covering your red cells, then you have blood group AB and no A or B ...All offspring are Yy and have yellow seeds. Figure 18.4.1 18.4. 1: This Punnett square shows the cross between plants with yellow seeds and green seeds. The cross between the true-breeding P plants produces F1 heterozygotes that can be self-fertilized. The self-cross of the F1 generation can be analyzed with a Punnett square to predict the ...This biology video tutorial provides a basic introduction into punnett squares. It explains how to do a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross. It discusses...Expert-verified. Part A Human ABO blood type is determined by a single gene that comes in 3 distinct alles.and The and alloles are each dominant to the /ole, but are codominant each other meaning that both phenotypes are expressed in the heterozygote The Punnelt square below shows a cross between two parents with different blood types Drag the ...This Punnett square with blood types is really confusing. I need to make a Punnett square to find the blood type of Barbra's husband with her and her twin's blood type. Name Blood type. Barbra +0. Baby #1 B.Flexi Says: Make an empty table with four rows and four columns. Make a table with all possible blood type alleles of the father on the left most column and all possible blood type alleles of the mother across on the top row. Then work out each of the combinations in the empty squares. You can find the possible genotypes of the offsprings after ...This Punnett square with blood types is really confusing. I need to make a Punnett square to find the blood type of Barbra's husband with her and her twin's blood type. Name Blood type. Barbra +0. Baby #1 B.Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of certain molecules, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. These molecules may help maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, act as receptors, or have other biological functions. A blood group system refers to all of the gene (s ...All we need to know are the parents’ blood genotypes. Using a Punnett square is a great way to figure out a child’s possible blood types based on the parents’ blood types. A Punnett square is just a diagram that helps to organize all of the genes to figure out the likelihood for a certain combination of genes.The four blood types in the ABO system refer to different versions of carbohydrate molecules which are present on the surface of red blood cells. People with: Have: ... This expanded version of a Punnett square will show how meiosis and fertilization result in the inheritance of a gene. 5a.Advertisement One of the biggest selling points of Square is the ability for small businesses to accept credit card payments. A great example is a vendor at a farmer's market. In t...The gene for blood type has three alleles: A, a dominant allele produces blood type A; B, a dominant allele produces blood type B; ... It is not enough just to complete a punnett square, you need to show that you have thought about the possible gametes that can be produced by each parent.Also, ...A Punnett square is a graphical way of determining all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross. In essence, it is a probability box that shows the odds of each possible combination of maternal ...Quizizz is an interactive platform that allows you to create and share quizzes, polls, and presentations with your students. This versatile tool can be used to complement your Punnett squares worksheets, providing an engaging way for students to test their understanding of genetic inheritance concepts. With Quizizz, you can also access a vast ...A Punnett square is a chart that allows you to determine the expected percentages of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents. A Punnett square allows the prediction of the percentages of phenotypes in the offspring of a cross from known genotypes. A Punnett square can be used to determine a missing genotype based on the other ...A Punnett square is a chart that allows you to easily determine the expected percentage of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents. An example of a Punnett square for pea plants is shown in Figure …Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of certain molecules, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. These molecules may help maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, act as receptors, or have other biological functions. A blood group system refers to all of the gene (s ...Two parents, one of whom has blood type A, and one that has blood type B, have a baby. Assume that both are heterozygous, and make a Punnett Square to determine the possible blood types for any offspring of these two parents. Use this Punnett Square to answer the following: 1. Could their baby be AB? What are the chances of this happening? 2.This video takes you through three genetics practice problems dealing with ABO blood type.If we look at our Punnett square, we find that there is a 1/4 chance of offspring being homozygous dominant for smooth kernels (KK) and a 2/4 chance of that the offspring will be heterozygous (Kk) for smooth kernels. Combined, we find that there is a 3/4 chance that the offspring will have smooth kernels. The correct answer is. 3/4Blood Types, Rh Factor, and Terrifying Punnett Squares. There are four blood types: type A, B, AB, and type O. O is recessive, even though it is so common, because the alleles for O are more common. If you write …Heredity Worksheet: Blood Type. For Students 9th - 12th. In this genetics worksheet, high schoolers use Punnett squares to determine the possible genotypes of offspring based on blood type. This worksheet has 6 problems to solve.Terms to know for Punnett Squares: Allele: a variant of a gene (Ex: for the gene for eye color, the alleles are blue, green, hazel and brown) Genotype: the two alleles for a gene, written with a letter that stands for the trait (Ex: TT or Tt) Phenotype: the physical representation of the trait (Ex: right-handed or Type B blood)g. an only get blood from a type “O” donor _____ 2. Pretend that rad Pitt is homozygous for the type allele, and Angelina Jolie is type “O.” What are all the possible blood types of their baby?(Do the punnett square) _____ 3. Complete the punnett square showing all the possible blood types for the offspring producedThis problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer. Question: Complete the Punnett square showing all the possible blood types for the offspring produced by a type “O” mother and an a Type “AB” father. What are percentages of each offspring?The above calculator uses the blood group of the biological mother and father and the rhesus factors to determine the potential blood groups the subject can have. This is based on theoretical principles first introduced in the early 20th century, when Karl Landsteiner noticed that red blood cells have different molecules on their surface.Explore our guide to learn how to use Square for Retail to ring up sales, manage inventory, run reports, and more. Retail | How To REVIEWED BY: Meaghan Brophy Meaghan has provided ...A two-trait Punnett Square has 16 boxes. The probability of a cross producing a genotype in any box is 1 in 16. If the same genotype is present in two boxes, its probability of occurring doubles to 1/8 (1/16 + 1/16). If one of the parents is a homozygote for one or more traits, the Punnett Square still contains the same number of boxes, but the ...multiple allelesgeneticsgenes (3 more) blood typeABOantigens. English. Concept Nodes: SCI.BIO.256 (Non-Mendelian Inheritance - Biology) artifactID: 4296709. artifactRevisionID: 6722118. ShowHide Resources. Reviews. Back to the top of the page ↑.All other phenotypes or genotypes are considered variants of this standard, meaning that they deviate from the wild type. The variant may be recessive or dominant to the wild-type allele. Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. An example of multiple alleles is the ABO blood-type system in humans.The Punnett square is a visual representation of Mendelian inheritance, a fundamental concept in genetics which is discovery of Gregor Mendel. [10] For multiple traits, using the "forked-line method" is typically much easier than the Punnett square. Phenotypes may be predicted with at least better-than-chance accuracy using a Punnett square ...Download Guide. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells. In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (–), creating the 8 most common blood types ( A+, A- , B+, B- , O+, O ...
F1 generation: The F1 dihybrid seeds are yellow and round, with a genotype of YyRr. The F1 plants can produce four different types of gametes: YR, Yr, yR, and yr. We can predict the genotypes of the F2 plants by placing these gametes along the top and side axes of a 4X4 Punnett square and filling in the boxes to represent fertilization events.. Bge report outage number
In the world's mall-dense city, police and protesters have clashed viciously in one shopping center, while a recent attack by thugs left blood stains in another. Hong Kong has long...Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. An example of multiple alleles is the ABO blood-type system in humans. In this case, there are three alleles circulating in the population. The I A allele codes for A …Blood Type Punnett Square Practice. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins) – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells: Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma ...Blood Type Punnett Square Practice. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins) – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells: Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma ...The mother has blood type “O,” the father has blood type “AB,” and the baby has blood type “B.” Mother’s genotype: i i Father’s genotype: IAIB. Baby’s genotype: IBi or IB IB. BComplete a Punnett square with all possible genotypes for children produced by this couple. IB. i i IB.Trailer axles sitting out-of-square can cause a trailer to travel at an angle when towed. The travel angle increases the wear rate of the tires attached to the axles, or worse, cau...The gene for blood type has three alleles: A, a dominant allele produces blood type A; B, a dominant allele produces blood type B; ... It is not enough just to complete a punnett square, you need to show that you have thought about the possible gametes that can be produced by each parent.Also, ...There are four common blood groups in the ABO system: O, A, B, and AB. The blood groups are defined by the presence of specific carbohydrate sugars on the surface of red blood cells, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A antigen, and D-galactose for the B antigen. Both of these sugars are built upon the H antigen—if the H antigen is left …Blood Type Punnett Square Practice There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins) – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells: Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) Group AB – has …Step 2: Draw the Punnett square (already done below) Step 3: Place the alleles of the gametes that the 1st parent can make to the left of the Punnett square. Put the alleles that the 2nd parent can make on top. (note: these required positions (left and top) are solely so that this quiz program will work. On paper, you can put them in either ...Completed Punnett Squares and Answers to all Quest Details: Part 1: Genetics Problem - Human Blood Types. Mendel is the father of modern genetics, but there are some genetic characteristics that cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares. Learn how to set up and solve a genetic problem involving multiple alleles using ABO blood types as an example! This video has... View full question and answer details: https://www.wyzant.com/resources/answers/783817/complete-a-punnett-square-cross-between-a-parent-with-blood-type-aa-an... A two-trait Punnett Square has 16 boxes. The probability of a cross producing a genotype in any box is 1 in 16. If the same genotype is present in two boxes, its probability of occurring doubles to 1/8 (1/16 + 1/16). If one of the parents is a homozygote for one or more traits, the Punnett Square still contains the same number of boxes, but the ... Blood Type Punnett Square Practice. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins) – A and B – on the surface of red ….