The OAG’s work on environmental and sustainable development matters increased after the position of Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD) was created in 1995. As part of the CESD’s broad mandate, the CESD audits and reports on the federal government’s management of environmental and sustainable development issues.We derived and tested a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for reliability and validity among a sample of well older adults in a large Health Maintenance Organization. The 10-item screening questionnaire, the CESD-10, showed good predictive accuracy when comp …A 10-item short form (CESD-10) of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was developed by Andresen et al. in 1994 for use with relatively well older adults. The original CES-D (Radloff, 1977) consists of 20 descriptive statements of depressed mood. Ten items were selected to compose the short form through examination of the …医学量表、计算器 / / 流行病学调查用抑郁自评量表（CES-D）. 量表说明： 由美国国立精神卫生研究所于1997年编制，该量表共包含20条题目，反映了抑郁症状的六个侧面：抑郁心情、罪恶感和无价值感、无助和无望感、精神运动性迟滞、食欲丧失以及 …Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms that uses a 5-point Likert scale (0 = rarely or none of the time (less than one day out of the week), 4 = almost all of the time, (5 to 7 …The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D: Radloff, 1977) 20-item index is one of the most common self-report depression instruments designed for use in large scale surveys and has become one of several standard measures of depressive symptomatology in older persons. Despite the importance of providing geriatric mental health ...The CESD-R is a screening test for depression and depressive disorder. The CESD-R measures symptoms defined by the American Psychiatric Association' Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) for a major depressive episode. At the top of each of the following screens, you will see a statement. For each statement, please indicate how …CES-D（Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale）とは うつ病や抑うつ状態の自己評価尺度の検査 …になります。. 一般の方（特にうつ病と診断されていない方）におけるうつ病の発見を目的としています。. 米国国立精神保健研究所 (NIMH)によって開発され、その ...The CIESD is a newly released database available to researchers which covers all major industrial emission sources in China. This database has already been …The Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-8) is a reduced version of the original Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Bracke et al., 2008) used to identify ... Cet article court présente la version française de l’échelle CES-D, instrument destiné á être employé en population générale. Les 20 items de l’échelle sont souvent présents chez les déprimés et sont issus d’instruments déjà validés dans la mesure clinique des états dépressifs. CESD para crianças e jovens Uma vez que o cartão é individual, cada membro da família da pessoa segurada deve ter o seu próprio cartão. As crianças e jovens podem pedir o seu CESD online, registando-se na Segurança Social Direta (SSD) com o seu Número de Identificação da Segurança Social (NISS). 1. Send E-mail with your submission to [email protected]. 2. You MUST indicate which of our offices you are submitting to, Los Angeles or New York. 3. You MUST include your contact phone number and e-mail address. 4. For a submission to any division of our Voice-Over Departments: provide a link to your voice demo.This study examines the psychometric qualities of 8-item CESD (CESD-8) and 9-item CESD (CESD-9), and explores possible racial/ethnic differences in overall depressive symptoms. Using data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, 19,592 community-dwelling adults (40+) who self-identify as …ChemMathsDroid was added to the list of the Best Exam Preparation Apps for Students. Free Apps For Me - ChemMathsDroid Review. Apps Like These - Lotto Review. Android Apps For Me - Units Review. Software Engineering tools,Health,Nutrition,Music,Games …O Cartão Europeu de Seguro de Doença destina-se aos cidadãos dos 27 Estados-Membros da União Europeia, bem como da Islândia, Liechtenstein, Noruega e Suíça. O CESD é nominativo e individual. Os seus titulares podem ser: Trabalhadores, inclusive os dos transportes internacionais, os estudantes, os pensionistas e seus familiares que se. Established in 1875 and was the first school district in California to provide free textbooks to students. Today, the district's nine elementary schools are in the neighboring cities of Buena Park, Anaheim, and La Palma. Centralia School District is located in beautiful Southern California in the north part of Orange County. Orange County is located between Los Angeles and San Diego counties. The Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD) is built on the work of the Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability (CEES), with new theme areas to emphasize active research in related areas of science for environmental health and education for environmental sustainability for academic …"Measurement properties of the CESD scale among individuals with spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 46(4): 287-292. Find it on PubMed. Radloff, L. (1977). "The CES-D Scale: A Self Report Depression Scale for Research in the General." Applied psychological measurement 1(3): 385-401.Le Collège européen de sécurité et de défense (CESD) est un réseau d’établissements d’enseignement chargé de dispenser des formations au personnel civil et militaire dans le domaine de la politique européenne de sécurité et de défense (PESD), de promouvoir une compréhension commune de cette politique et de diffuser les ...Represents Ages: 2+. Also represents Digital Influencers. See also listing under New York Talent Agencies. Suggest a revision to this listing. Find and apply to over 5,000 casting calls, auditions ...The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale is arguably one of the most common measures of depressive symptoms used in research, 1–4 including research with caregiver populations, that we highlight in this article. 5–10 The 20-item scale is relatively brief, with four response options for frequency of symptoms. However, briefer … Revision of the CES-D (CESD-R) Eaton et al. (2004) addressed these shortcomings with a revision of the CES-D, resulting in the development of the CESD-R in 2004 (see Table 1 for the CESD-R). The CESD-R retained 5 items from the CES-D, and of the remaining 15 items, 13 were replaced and 2 were reworded for clarity. The 13 removed items included ... 20th CSDP High Level Course 2024-2025 ‘JOSÉ CUTILEIRO’. 20th CSDP High Level Course 2024-2025 ‘JOSÉ CUTILEIRO’. 2024-09-23. 2025-06-27. Belgium. 12th Advanced Course for Political Advisors in CSDP Missions and Operations. Framework for Political Advisors (Module 1) 2024-04-22.Evidence of the relationship between ageing and depression is very mixed. • Longitudinal cross-national research can shed new light. • Full metric and partial scalar equivalence of the CES-D 8 are established.HD 04:03:41. MFOD-023. Gacha Người Yêu. 3.2K 2 tháng trước. Xem JAV CESD-251 (CESD251) Huấn luyện tra tấn nữ điều tra viên 19 Rumi Kodama. Diễn viên: Kodama Rumi Chất lượng HD miễn phí trên Javtiful. CESD para crianças e jovens Uma vez que o cartão é individual, cada membro da família da pessoa segurada deve ter o seu próprio cartão. As crianças e jovens podem pedir o seu CESD online, registando-se na Segurança Social Direta (SSD) com o seu Número de Identificação da Segurança Social (NISS). A 10-item short form (CESD-10) of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was developed by Andresen et al. in 1994 for use with relatively well older adults. The original CES-D (Radloff, 1977) consists of 20 descriptive statements of depressed mood. Ten items were selected to compose the short form through examination of the …Apr 11, 2016 · Depressive symptomatology was assessed using the full, self-reported 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CESD-20) as well as the shortened 10-item CES-D (CESD-10) (see Appendix 1). 12,21 Total scores range from 0 to 60 for the CESD-20 scale and from 0 to 30 for the CESD-10, with higher scores indicating greater depressive ... 1. Introduction. Depression is one of the most frequently reported psychiatric disorders in older adults [] and has been found to affect up to 50% of people living with …At CESD we try to achieve our mission through teaching and research in different disciplines, imparting knowledge and skills to better understand the challenges and the environment we live in, thus promoting both rigorous and relevant research. This will help in meeting the challenges and working towards bringing peace, improving health ...I felt that people dislike me. I could not get “going.”. SCORING: zero for answers in the first column, 1 for answers in the second column, 2 for answers in the third column, 3 for answers in the fourth column. The scoring of positive items is reversed. Possible range of scores is zero to 60, with the higher scores indicating the …The Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD) is built on the work of the Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability (CEES), with new theme areas to emphasize active research in related areas of science for environmental health and education for environmental sustainability for academic …A 10-item short form (CESD-10) of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was developed by Andresen et al. in 1994 for use with relatively well older adults. The original CES-D (Radloff, 1977) consists of 20 descriptive statements of depressed mood. Ten items were selected to compose the short form through examination of the … Se connecter. Identifiant. Mémoriser. (C'est sécuritaire?) Mot de passe. Attention : Respecter majuscules et minuscules. The CESD-R is an updated version of the CES-D (Radloff, 1977). The CESD-R consists of 20 items that closely reflect the DSM-IV criteria for depression (see Eaton et al., 2004). Participants were provided with instructions stating, “Below …The aim of the present study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the 8-item short version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) in a large sample of European older adults. Data from The European Social Survey (ESS Round 6 Edition 1.1) provided the basis for this study …Background The validity of the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale for depression screening in Hong Kong Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes remains unknown. We aimed to validate CES-D, compare its psychometric properties with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire …Competitive Edge Strategic Development Services (CESD Services) Inc. was established in 2013. At the time, CESD Services focused on Supplier Development for companies seeking to become or maintain their presence in the aerospace, aviation maintenance-repair-overhaul, and defence manufacturing industries.The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D: Radloff, 1977) 20-item index is one of the most common self-report depression instruments designed for use in large scale surveys and has become one of several standard measures of depressive symptomatology in older persons. Despite the importance of providing geriatric mental health ...HD 04:03:41. MFOD-023. Gacha Người Yêu. 3.2K 2 tháng trước. Xem JAV CESD-251 (CESD251) Huấn luyện tra tấn nữ điều tra viên 19 Rumi Kodama. Diễn viên: Kodama Rumi Chất lượng HD miễn phí trên Javtiful.Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency, like other diseases caused by enzyme deficiencies, has a wide phenotypic spectrum. Infantile-onset LAL deficiency is known as Wolman disease. All later-onset LAL deficiency, which may present from early childhood to late adulthood (often with subclinical disease), is known as cholesterol ester storage ... The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised (CESD-R; Eaton et al., 2004) was developed in the context of reviewing the history of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD; Radloff, 1977) and its uses. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised assesses individuals for depressive symptoms. The CESD-R was developed from the CESD to ... The Ten Tors Challenge is open to youth organisations and schools in the South West. It is organised and run by the army, more details of the event can be found on the central Ten Tors Website. Put your face in this picture – you too could be in one of the Cotswold Edge District Ten Tors Teams. This page will keep you updated … Thank you for submitting interest in our talent! We will reach out shortly with any follow up questions to create a portfolio for your needs. The goal of this research was to establish the unit weight, compressive strength, and workability/slump value of concrete. In this investigation, 30% of the fly ash was utilised. Pumice is ...Visit us. Address. 13455 SE 97th Avenue, Clackamas, OR 97015. Hours. Mon. – Fri., 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Information for your visit. Clackamas ESD News See all news What's Happening on Social PROFESSIONAL LEARNING Our professional learning opportunities reflect district priorities, provide educators relevant programming …The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) is a commonly used freely available self-report measure of depressive symptoms. …CESD Talent Agency. 12,944 likes · 5 talking about this · 5 were here. Bi-Coastal Talent Agency (NY & LA) Submission Info:...1. Send E-mail with your submission to [email protected]. 2. You MUST indicate which of our offices you are submitting to, Los Angeles or New York. 3. You MUST include your contact phone number and e-mail address. 4. For a submission to any division of our Voice-Over Departments: provide a link to your voice demo.1. Introduction. Depression will be the leading cause of secondary disability worldwide by 2030 as predicted by the World Health Organization ().During the …Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms that uses a 5-point Likert scale (0 = rarely or none of the time (less than one day out of the week), 4 = almost all of the time, (5 to 7 … 0 points Rarely or none of the time (< 1 day) 1 point Some or a little of the time (1-2 days) 2 points Occasionally or a moderate amount of the time (3-4 days) 3 points Most or all of the time (5-7 days) For questions 4, 8, 12, and 16, the scoring is exactly the same except that it is reversed: "Most or all of the time" is scored 0 points ... CESD Talent Agency. CESD Talent Agency. 12,937 likes · 3 talking about this · 5 were here. Bi-Coastal Talent Agency (NY & LA) Submission Info:... Thank you for submitting interest in our talent! We will reach out shortly with any follow up questions to create a portfolio for your needs. Background The aim of this study was to validate the 8-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-8) against the 20-item version (CES-D-20) in a large sample of community-dwelling older people. Methods Scales were compared for correlation and internal consistency. The ideal cut-off score for the CES-D-8 was …Knowledge Base 量表. 简版流调中心抑郁量表（CESD-10）. 完成一份20个条目的CES-D 量表平均需要12分钟的时间，并且有10％的受访者拒绝完成整个量表。. 此外，在进行大型调查时，问卷常常涉及很多问题，这时简短的量表非常重要。. 为了解决这一问题，许多学者努力 ...This database is of significance for relevant users to study and explore the coordinated development of economic advancement and environmental protection, which as a result further consolidate the sound development of China's environmental protection cause. Data start from 1990 with yearly update. Sub-databases.May 7, 2019 · A diagnostic algorithm was developed for the CESD-R based on DSM criteria to allow for its use as a screening tool. Unlike the original CES-D and its short forms, which only require respondents to exceed a minimum sum score without specifying the nature of the symptoms, the CESD-R algorithm requires respondents to exceed pre-defined thresholds for specific symptom categories: First, the DSM-5 ... of the CESD scale among individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 46, 287-292. Radloff, L. S. (1977). CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general populations. Applied Psychological Measurement,1, 385-401. Revision of the CES-D (CESD-R) Eaton et al. (2004) addressed these shortcomings with a revision of the CES-D, resulting in the development of the CESD-R in 2004 (see Table 1 for the CESD-R). The CESD-R retained 5 items from the CES-D, and of the remaining 15 items, 13 were replaced and 2 were reworded for clarity. The 13 removed items included ...The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised (CESD-R; Eaton et al., 2004) was developed in the context of reviewing the history of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD; Radloff, 1977) and its uses. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised assesses individuals for depressive symptoms. The …Method. A large (N=4138), diverse sample completed the CES-D, which contains a mixture of negatively worded and positively worded items (e.g., “I felt sad,” “I enjoyed life”).The latter are conventionally reverse scored to compute a total score. We first examined whether purportedly separate well-being and depression CES-D factors can be …www.cesdtalent.com I felt that people dislike me. I could not get “going.”. SCORING: zero for answers in the first column, 1 for answers in the second column, 2 for answers in the third column, 3 for answers in the fourth column. The scoring of positive items is reversed. Possible range of scores is zero to 60, with the higher scores indicating the presence ... Revision of the CES-D (CESD-R) Eaton et al. (2004) addressed these shortcomings with a revision of the CES-D, resulting in the development of the CESD-R in 2004 (see Table 1 for the CESD-R). The CESD-R retained 5 items from the CES-D, and of the remaining 15 items, 13 were replaced and 2 were reworded for clarity. The 13 removed items included ... 终身学习者. 这个测试摘自《幸福有方法》. CES–D抑郁量化表. 说明：下列问题与你在过去一周里的感受和行为相关。. 请认真阅读量表中数字所代表的含义，然后标出最能说明你过去一周的感受和行为状况的数字。. 0：几乎没有（少于一天）. 1：很少有（1-2天 ... of the CESD scale among individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 46, 287-292. Radloff, L. S. (1977). CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general populations. Applied Psychological Measurement,1, 385-401. What does CESD abbreviation stand for? Explore the list of 68 best CESD meaning forms based on popularity. Most common CESD abbreviation full forms updated in October 2019.The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale is arguably one of the most common measures of depressive symptoms used in research, 1–4 including research with caregiver populations, that we highlight in this article. 5–10 The 20-item scale is relatively brief, with four response options for frequency of symptoms. However, briefer …Introduction. Depression is a common but serious mental illness typically characterized by sad, hopeless, or anxious feelings. The age of onset for depression has been falling, making university students particularly vulnerable to developing depression ().In addition, university can be a challenging time for students, as students struggle with …Evidence of the relationship between ageing and depression is very mixed. • Longitudinal cross-national research can shed new light. • Full metric and partial scalar equivalence of the CES-D 8 are established.HD 04:03:41. MFOD-023. Gacha Người Yêu. 3.2K 2 tháng trước. Xem JAV CESD-251 (CESD251) Huấn luyện tra tấn nữ điều tra viên 19 Rumi Kodama. Diễn viên: Kodama Rumi Chất lượng HD miễn phí trên Javtiful.CESD, LLC is an approved continuing education provider (ACEP) approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC). CESD, LLC provides professional development trainings that meet high CE standards for 48 state licensure boards for counselors that approve NBCC continuing education clock hours.The Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD) The Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (CESD) is built on the work of the Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability (CEES), with new theme areas to emphasize active research in related areas of science for environmental health …All Nights Away Notifications for Nights Away activities (including events involving adults only) will be approved directly by the District Commissioner (or their Deputy) and must be submitted via https:// cesd.org.u k /nan to ensure all the information provided on the form complies to the requirements for Nights Away.Objective: To test the applicability of Depression Scale -(CES-D) of Center for Epidemiological Studies in Chinese adolescents. Methods: CES-D was administrated to 10,210 middle school students aged 13-18. Results: The overall Cronbach α of CES-D was 0.88; the result of confirmatory factor analysis supported the original four-factor structure; females scored …The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD; Radloff, 1977) has been the workhorse of depression epidemiology since its first use in the Community Mental Health Assessment Surveys in the 1970s (Comstock & Helsing, 1976; Radloff & Locke, 1986) and its use in the National Health and Nutrition …Depression has a huge societal impact, making accurate measurement paramount. While there are several available measures, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD) is a popular assessment tool that has wide applicability in the general population. In order to reflect modern diag …Please call 1-800-273-TALK or If you are in a medical emergency or suicidal crisis, please call 911.Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency, like other diseases caused by enzyme deficiencies, has a wide phenotypic spectrum. Infantile-onset LAL deficiency is known as Wolman disease. All later-onset LAL deficiency, which may present from early childhood to late adulthood (often with subclinical disease), is known as cholesterol ester storage ...
May 21, 2019 · Introduction. Depression is a common but serious mental illness typically characterized by sad, hopeless, or anxious feelings. The age of onset for depression has been falling, making university students particularly vulnerable to developing depression (). . Wolf pak
Visit us. Address. 13455 SE 97th Avenue, Clackamas, OR 97015. Hours. Mon. – Fri., 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Information for your visit. Clackamas ESD News See all news What's Happening on Social PROFESSIONAL LEARNING Our professional learning opportunities reflect district priorities, provide educators relevant programming …The CES-D is a 20-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms, originally designed for epidemiological studies. It has been used as a screening tool for MDD, but … Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (CES-D-10) (Andresen et al., 1994) Instructions: Below is a list of some of the ways you may have felt or behaved. The Cotswold Edge District covers the towns and villages of South Gloucestershire including Thornbury. The District is made up of 18 Scout Groups, 7 Explorer Scout Units and a Young Leader Explorer Unit. 4–5.Unang lesbian ban ni Mizusawa Riko! Nakapagtataka, ang kabilang partido ay si Yumi Kazama, isang beteranang aktres. Si Yumi, na nagpahayag na siya ay magbibigay ng lektura sa mga kasiyahan ng mga kababaihan sa pamamagitan ng pag-alis ng tensyon, sa pamamagitan ng banayad na mga halik at haplos ay ipinadama sa kanya. Excited sa sarap ng …This study examines the psychometric qualities of 8-item CESD (CESD-8) and 9-item CESD (CESD-9), and explores possible racial/ethnic differences in overall depressive symptoms. Using data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, 19,592 community-dwelling adults (40+) who self-identify as …Dec 1, 2017 · Background and purpose: Globally, depressive symptoms are a leading contributor to years lived with disability. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale has been used extensively to quantify depression; yet, its psychometric properties remain contentious. Established in 1875 and was the first school district in California to provide free textbooks to students. Today, the district's nine elementary schools are in the neighboring cities of Buena Park, Anaheim, and La Palma. Centralia School District is located in beautiful Southern California in the north part of Orange County. Orange County is located between Los Angeles and San Diego counties. A diagnostic algorithm was developed for the CESD-R based on DSM criteria to allow for its use as a screening tool. Unlike the original CES-D and its short forms, which only require respondents to exceed a minimum sum score without specifying the nature of the symptoms, the CESD-R algorithm requires respondents to exceed pre-defined …Publications. Reports to Parliament. 2022 Reports 1 to 5 of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development.Background The validity of the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale for depression screening in Hong Kong Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes remains unknown. We aimed to validate CES-D, compare its psychometric properties with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire …2. 3. The score is the sum of the 20 questions. Possible range is 0-60. If more than four questions are missing answers, do not score the CES-D questionnaire. A score of 16 … CESD-R is a free online tool to measure symptoms of depression in nine groups based on the DSM-5 criteria. Learn how to calculate the depression scores and categories, and the logic behind the algorithm used to determine the depressive symptom categories. The Total CESD-R Score is calculated as a sum of responses to all 20 questions. In order to make the revised CESD-R have the same range as the original version i.e., the ‘CESD style score’), the values for the top two responses are given the same value: Not at all or less than one day = 0; 1-2 days = 1; 3-4 days = 2; 5-7 days = 3 Revision of the CES-D (CESD-R) Eaton et al. (2004) addressed these shortcomings with a revision of the CES-D, resulting in the development of the CESD-R in 2004 (see Table 1 for the CESD-R). The CESD-R retained 5 items from the CES-D, and of the remaining 15 items, 13 were replaced and 2 were reworded for clarity. The 13 removed items included ... The 2-week test-retest reliability ICC was 0.926 (95% CI 0.851, 0.961) for the total score reliability. The reliability analysis of the Malay version of CESD shows satisfactory α, ω, r SB and ICC values, therefore making it a reliable instrument to screen for depression among adolescents in Malaysia.Revision of the CES-D (CESD-R) Eaton et al. (2004) addressed these shortcomings with a revision of the CES-D, resulting in the development of the CESD-R in 2004 (see Table 1 for the CESD-R). The CESD-R retained 5 items from the CES-D, and of the remaining 15 items, 13 were replaced and 2 were reworded for clarity. The 13 removed items included ...คำชี้แจงสำหรับการใช้เครื่องมือประเมินโดย เด็กและวัยรุ่น. แบบประเมินเหล่านี้ใช้เพื่อประเมินตนเองเบื้องต้น ไม่ใช่การ ....